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1 War-At-Sea
Abbreviation: WAS -
2 war at sea
Military: WAS -
3 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
4 морская война
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5 война
war(воюване) warfareизбухване на война outbreak of warсъстояние на война a state of warпървата световна война the First World Warам. World War Iвтората световна война the Second World Warам. World War IIспомени от войната war reminiscencesгражданска война a civil warистинска (не студена) война a shooting/hot warмеждуособна война an internecine warосвободителна война a war of liberationотечествена война a Patriotic Warпартизанска война partisan/guerrilla warfareподвижна/маневрена война a war of movement, mobile warfareвойна на живот и смърт a war to the knifeвойна на изтощение a war of attritionвойна по море a naval war, a sea warвойна на нерви a war of nervesобявявам-на declare war on* * *война̀,ж., -ѝ war; ( воюване) warfare; водя \войнаа make/wage war (с on, against); \войнаа на живот и смърт war to the knife; \войнаа на изтощение war of attrition; \войнаа на нерви war of nerves; \войнаа по море naval war, sea war; във \войнаа съм be at war (с with); въздушна \войнаа air/aerial warfare; гражданска \войнаа civil war; започвам \войнаа go to war, take the field; избухване на \войнаа outbreak of war; истинска (не студена) \войнаа shooting/hot war; междуособна \войнаа internecine war; обявявам \войнаа на declare war on; окопна \войнаа trench warfare; освободителна \войнаа war of liberation; отечествена \войнаа Patriotic War; партизанска \войнаа partisan/guerrilla warfare; подвижна/маневрена \войнаа war of movement, mobile warfare; позиционна \войнаа stationary warfare; пренасям \войнаата на противникова територия carry the war into the enemy’s country/camp; Първата световна \войнаа истор. the First World War; амер. World War I; спомени от \войнаата war reminiscences; състояние на \войнаа state of war; студена \войнаа cold war; хвърлям страна във \войнаа precipitate a country into a war; химическа \войнаа chemical warfare.* * *belligerence: a state of война - състояние на война; warfare* * *1. (воюване) warfare 2. war 3. ВОЙНА на живот и смърт а war to the knife 4. ВОЙНА на изтощение а war of attrition 5. ВОЙНА на нерви a war of nerves 6. ВОЙНА по море a naval war, a sea war 7. ам. World War I 8. ам. World War II 9. водя ВОЙНА make/wage war (c on, against) 10. втората световна ВОЙНА the Second World War 11. във ВОЙНА съм be at war (c with) 12. въздушна ВОЙНА air/aerial warfare 13. гражданска ВОЙНА a civil war 14. избухване на ВОЙНА outbreak of war 15. истинска (не студена) ВОЙНА а shooting/hot war 16. междуособна ВОЙНА an internecine war 17. обявявам - на declare war on 18. окопна ВОЙНА trench warfare 19. освободителна ВОЙНА a war of liberation 20. отечествена ВОЙНА a Patriotic War 21. партизанска ВОЙНАpartisan/guerrilla warfare 22. подвижна/ маневрена ВОЙНА a war of movement, mobile warfare 23. почвам ВОЙНА go to war, take the field 24. пренасям ВОЙНАта на противникова територия carry the war into the enemy's country/camp 25. първата световна ВОЙНА the First World War 26. сирак от ВОЙНАта a war orphan 27. спомени от ВОЙНАта war reminiscences 28. студена ВОЙНА a cold war 29. състояние на ВОЙНА a state of war 30. химическа ВОЙНА chemical/gas warfare -
6 война войн·а
war; (приёмы ведения войны) warfareввергнуть страну в войну — to plunge / to precipitate a country into war
вести войну — to wage / to fight / to make war (against)
вовлечь страну в войну — to involve a country / a nation in war
возвести войну в ранг официальной политики, узаконить войну — to institutionalize war
вступить в войну — to enter / to come into a war
втянуть страну в войну — to drag a country into war, to entangle a country in war
залечить (тяжёлые) раны, нанесённые войной — to heal the (deep) wounds of war
исключить войну из жизни общества / человечества — to ban / to exclude war from the life of human society / of mankind
наживаться на войне — to make profits from war, to make money out of war
начать войну — to launch / to start a war, to open hostilities
объявить войну какой-л. стране — to declare war on / upon a country
потерпеть поражение в войне, проиграть войну — to lose the war
предотвратить войну — to avert / to prevent / to preclude / to head off / to stave off war
прекратить войну — to cease / to end / to stop a war; to bring the war to an end
развязать войну — to unleash / to trigger off a war
разжигать войну — to fan / to foment / to stir up / to incite war
угрожать войной — to menace / to threaten war; to carry the threat of war
вспыхнула / разразилась война — a war broke out
агрессивная война — aggressive / invasive war, war of aggression
бактериологическая война — bacteriological / germ warfare
Великая Отечественная война — (1941-1945 гг., СССР) ист. the Great Patriotic War
воздушная война, война в воздухе — air war
всеобщая война — general / universal / all-out war
горячая война (в отличие от холодной) — hot / shooting war
грабительская война — predatory / plunderous war
длительная война — long / protracted war
дорогостоящая война — costly / expensive war
жестокая война — brutal / cruel / fierce / ferocious / ruthless war
затяжная война — prolonged / protracted sustained war
захватническая война — aggressive / annexation / annexionist / invasive war; war of conquest
"звёздные войны" ист. — "star wars"
истребительная война — war of extermination / annihilation
кровопролитная война — bloody / murderous war
маневренная война — war of movement, manoeuvre warfare
междоусобная война — internal / internecine war
первая мировая война — World War I, the First World War
вторая мировая война — World War II, the Second World War
морская война, война на море — maritime / sea war; war at sea; naval warfare
наступательная война — offensive war, war of offensive
национально-освободительная война — national-liberation war, war of national liberation
неизбежная война — inevitable / imminent war
необъявленная война — undeclared war / warfare
неограниченная война — uncontained / uncontrolled / unrestricted war
неядерная / обычная война — conventional war / warfare, nonnuclear war
оборонительная война — defensive war, war of defence
ограниченная война — limited / restricted war
опустошительная война — desolating / devastating war
освободительная война — war of liberation, liberation war
партизанская война — guerrilla war / warfare
подводная война — submarine / U-boat warfare
позиционная война — trench war / warfare, positional war, war of position
/ радиотехническая война — radio warfareразрушительная война — destructive war, holocaust
стратегическая война — strategic war / warfare
тайная война — secret / covert war
таможенная / тарифная война — tariff war
тотальная война — total / all-out war
химическая война — chemical / gas warfare
средства ведения химической войны — chemical warfare agents, CWAs
экологическая война — ecological / environmental warfare
ядерная война, война с применением ядерного оружия — nuclear war / warfare
отказаться от ядерной войны в любой её разновидности — to renounce nuclear war in any of its variations
уменьшать опасность возникновения ядерной войны — to decrease / to reduce the danger / the risk of the outbreak of nuclear war
Война за независимость — (1775-1783, США) ист. War of Independence / Revolutionary War
война с применением оружия массового уничтожения АВС — warfare, atomic, bacteriological and chemical warfare
"война цен" — price war / warfare
варварские методы / средства ведения войны — barbarious warfare
на грани войны — on the brink / verge of war
обычаи войны — war usages; customs of war
опасность (возникновения) войны — war danger, danger / risk of war
оппозиция войне, отрицательное отношение к войне — opposition / resistence to war
очаг войны — hotbed / seat of war
ликвидировать очаги войны — to eliminate / to extinguish the hotbeds / seats of war
правила ведения войны — rules / law of warfare
состояние войны — state of war; belligerence, belligerency
находиться в состоянии войны — to be in a state of war (with), to be at war (with)
государства / державы, находящиеся в состоянии войны — belligerent states / powers
объявить состояние войны — to declare / to proclaim a state of war
средства ведения войны — agents of warfare, weapons / means of war / warfare
угроза войны — menace / threat of war
урон / ущерб, нанесённый войной — war damage
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7 морской
морское дно — bottom of the sea, sea-bottom
морской флот — marine; ( военный) navy
морская война — naval warfare, sea war
морской бой — sea-fight, naval engagement
морская пехота — marines pl.
морская торговля — sea-trade, sea-borne trade, maritime commerce
морской разбойник — pirate, sea-robber
морская игла зоол. — needle-fish, pipe-fish
морская собака зоол. — sea-dog, dog-fish
морской лев зоол. — sea lion
морской ёж зоол. — sea-urchin; echinus (pl. -ni) научн.
морская звезда зоол. — starfish
морской конёк зоол. — hippocampus (pl. -pi), sea-horse
морской кот зоол. — sea bear
морская капуста бот. — sea-kale
морская трава бот. — sea-grass, grass-wrack
♢
морской волк — old salt, sea-dogна дне морском найти что-л., со дна морского достать что-л. — spare no effort to find smth., try every means to find smth., leave* no stone unturned to find smth.
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8 оговорка о войне
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > оговорка о войне
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9 ветеран войны
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > ветеран войны
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10 морская война
план "Звездных Войн" — Star Wars plan
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > морская война
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11 морской
1) ( связанный с морем) sea (attr), marine; ( приморский) seaside (attr); maritimeморско́й бе́рег — seashore
морска́я вода́ — sea water
морско́е дно — bottom of the sea, seabed
морска́я торго́вля — seaborne trade, maritime commerce
морска́я боле́знь — seasickness
2) ( связанный с мореплаванием) marine, nauticalморска́я ка́рта — sea chart
морско́е путеше́ствие — voyage
морско́й флот (торговый) — merchant marine
3) воен. navalморско́й офице́р — naval officer
морска́я война́ — naval warfare, sea war
морска́я ба́за — naval base
морско́й бой — sea fight, naval engagement
морско́е учи́лище — nautical school
морска́я артилле́рия — naval ordnance
морска́я держа́ва — naval power
морско́е могу́щество — sea power
морска́я пехо́та — marines pl
4) ( в составе зоологических и ботанических названий) sea (attr)морско́й ёж — sea urchin
морско́й конёк — seahorse
морско́й кот — sea bear
морско́й лев — sea lion
морска́я звезда́ — starfish
морска́я игла́ — pipefish
морска́я капу́ста — laminaria
морска́я сви́нка — guinea ['gɪnɪ] pig
морска́я свинья́ — porpoise [-pəs]
морска́я соба́ка — sea dog, dogfish
морска́я трава́ — sea grass
••морско́й волк — sea dog
морско́е пра́во — law of the sea
на дне морско́м найти́, со дна морско́го доста́ть (вн.) — get (d) from the bottom of the sea
цвет морско́й волны́ — aquamarine ( colour)
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12 война на море
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13 война
ж.war; ( ведение войны) warfareпартизанская война — partisan / guer(r)illa warfare
морская война — naval warfare, sea war
химическая война — chemical / gas warfare
воздушная война, война в воздухе — air warfare, war in the air
объявить войну (дт.) — declare war (on)
вести войну — wage war, fight* a war
находиться в состоянии войны (с тв.) — be at war (with)
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14 война
ж.war; ( ведение войны) warfareгражда́нская война́ — civil war
партиза́нская война́ — partisan / guer(r)illa [gə-] warfare
Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ — the Great Patriotic war
мирова́я война́ — world war
морска́я война́ — naval warfare, sea war
хими́ческая война́ — chemical / gas warfare
возду́шная война́, война́ в во́здухе — air warfare, war in the air
термоя́дерная война́ — thermonuclear war / warfare
начала́сь война́ — war broke out
объяви́ть войну́ (дт.) — declare war (on)
вести́ войну́ (с тв.) — wage war (on / against), fight a war (against)
находи́ться в состоя́нии войны́ (с тв.) — be at war (with)
сража́ться на войне́ — fight in the war
война́ с бе́дностью [нарко́тиками] — war on poverty [drugs]
••холо́дная война́ — cold war
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15 объявит войну
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > объявит войну
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16 понизит риск войны
1. minimize the danger of warпроиграть войну, потерпеть поражение в войне — to lose a war
2. minimizing the danger of warРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > понизит риск войны
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17 понизит риск ядерной войны
1. minimize the danger of nuclear war2. minimizing the danger of nuclear warРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > понизит риск ядерной войны
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18 понижать риск войны
1. minimize the danger of war2. minimizing the danger of warРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > понижать риск войны
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19 понижать риск ядерной войны
1. minimize the danger of nuclear warпроиграть войну, потерпеть поражение в войне — to lose a war
2. minimizing the danger of nuclear warРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > понижать риск ядерной войны
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20 предотвратит угрозу войны
1. avert the threat of warпроиграть войну, потерпеть поражение в войне — to lose a war
2. averting the threat of warРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > предотвратит угрозу войны
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War at Sea — is a strategic board wargame depicting the naval war in the Atlantic during World War II, published by Jedko Games in 1975, and subsequently republished by Avalon Hill in 1976.It is also the basis for the design of the later Avalon Hill game,… … Wikipedia
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society — Gründung 1977 Sitz Friday Harbor, Washington Personen … Deutsch Wikipedia
War of the Austrian Succession — The Battle of Fontenoy by Édouard Detaille. Oil on canvas … Wikipedia
Sea Launch — ist ein Raumfahrt Unternehmen, das Raketenstarts von einer speziell adaptierten Bohrplattform in Äquatornähe vermarktet. Gestartet wird mit Zenit 3SL Trägerraketen, einer Zenit 2 mit Block DM Oberstufe und einigen Modifikationen für den Start von … Deutsch Wikipedia
Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom) — Sea Cadet Corps Active 1854 Present Role Volunteer Youth Organisation Headquarters … Wikipedia
War in Afghanistan (2001–present) — War in Afghanistan Part of the Afghan civil war and the War on Terror … Wikipedia